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Direction of change, relative to current law: increase; decrease; unchanged; abolition of a scheme; creation of a scheme; change of another kind, or uncertain direction.
Wages and SMIC (minimum wage)
- Net monthly SMIC (minimum wage)Le PenNo position recordedGlucksmannincrease: €1,600 net within two years (2025 plan, not reconfirmed in 2026) (document of the candidate’s party or movement)
- Profit sharing (participation, intéressement)Le PenNo position recordedGlucksmannother change: PS programme: profit-sharing ≥ dividends; contributions on high incomes (document of the candidate’s party or movement)
Unemployment
- Unemployment, max. benefit durationLe PenNo position recordedGlucksmannincrease: Repeal Macron’s unemployment insurance reform (document of the candidate’s party or movement)
- Benefit amount and taperingLe PenNo position recordedGlucksmannincrease: Repeal Macron’s unemployment insurance reform (read as the 2019-2021 one) (document of the candidate’s party or movement)
Minimum incomes and benefits
- RSA (minimum income), amount and conditionsLe Pendecrease: Solidarity benefits reserved for foreigners who have worked five years (document of the candidate’s party or movement)Glucksmannincrease: PS programme: unconditional RSA, paid automatically (document of the candidate’s party or movement)
- Family allowancesLe Pendecrease: Family allowances reserved for French nationals (national priority) (public statement by the candidate)GlucksmannNo position recorded
- Automatic payment, single social allowanceLe Penincrease: Single social allowance, presented as a measure against benefit fraud (public statement by the candidate)GlucksmannNo position recorded
Early childhood and old age
- Nurseries and childcareLe PenNo position recordedGlucksmannincrease: Public early-childhood service, enforceable right to childcare (encoding being checked) (document of the candidate’s party or movement)
- Old age and long-term careLe Penincrease: Stronger support for family carers (2024 RN programme) (document of the candidate’s party or movement)Glucksmannincrease: A Grand Âge (old age) law, more staff in care homes (EHPAD), better-paid jobs (document of the candidate’s party or movement)
Age and contribution period
- Legal retirement ageLe Pendecrease: Return to 62, 60 for those who started work before 20 (public statement by the candidate)Glucksmanndecrease: 62 after repeal of the 2023 reform, no return to 60 (public statement by the candidate)
- Contribution periodLe Pendecrease: 42 years of contributions, reached gradually (public statement by the candidate)Glucksmannunchanged: PS programme: 43 years of contributions, reduced according to job arduousness (document of the candidate’s party or movement)
- Long careersLe Penincrease: Retirement at 60 after 40 years of contributions for a start before 20 (public statement by the candidate)GlucksmannNo position recorded
- Arduous workLe PenNo position recordedGlucksmannincrease: Arduous work: earlier retirement for wearing jobs, later for some executives (public statement by the candidate)
Pension amounts
Taxation of pensioners
- 10% allowance on pensionsLe Penunchanged: Pensioners' 10% tax allowance kept, flat-rate allowance rejected (RN) (document of the candidate’s party or movement)GlucksmannNo position recorded
- CSG (general social contribution) on pensionersLe PenNo position recordedGlucksmannother change: Larger contribution from pensioners, without saying through which tax (document of the candidate’s party or movement)
Organisation of the system
Income tax and CSG
- Income tax scaleLe Pendecrease: Income tax abolished for under-30s, below a ceiling (public statement by the candidate)Glucksmannincrease: Differential contribution on the highest incomes (document of the candidate’s party or movement)
- CSG (general social contribution)Le PenNo position recordedGlucksmanndecrease: Lower the CSG on wages, funded by large inheritances (public statement by the candidate)
- Family quotientLe Penincrease: Full tax share from the second child (document of the candidate’s party or movement)GlucksmannNo position recorded
- Flat-rate levy on capital (flat tax)Le Pendecrease: Flat tax (PFU) cut from 31.4% to 30% (public statement by the candidate)Glucksmannincrease: PFU raised to 34%, end of the wiping out of unrealised capital gains (document of the candidate’s party or movement)
Tax expenditures, subsidies and fraud
- Tax and social security expendituresLe PenNo position recordedGlucksmanndecrease: Abolish ineffective tax expenditures, with no list (encoding being checked) (document of the candidate’s party or movement)
- Public aid to businessesLe PenNo position recordedGlucksmannother change: Redirect the €211bn of public aid to businesses (public statement by the candidate)
- Tax and social security fraudLe Penincrease: VAT paid at source, against fraud estimated at €26bn (public statement by the candidate)Glucksmannincrease: PS programme: more staff and tools against tax fraud (document of the candidate’s party or movement)
Wealth and inheritance
- Wealth tax (IFI, ISF)Le Penother change: IFI replaced by a tax on financial wealth (public statement by the candidate)Glucksmannincrease: Tax the largest fortunes (public statement by the candidate)
- Inheritance and gift taxLe Penincrease: Pacte Dutreil conditional on ten years of production in France (public statement by the candidate)Glucksmannincrease: Tax the top 1% of inheritances; Place publique: end of the Dutreil pact (encoding being checked) (public statement by the candidate)
Consumption
- VATLe Pendecrease: Reduced VAT on energy: motor fuels, electricity, gas, heating oil (public statement by the candidate)Glucksmannincrease: End of VAT exemptions for polluting transport (document of the candidate’s party or movement)
- Taxes on fuel and energyLe PenNo position recordedGlucksmannunchanged: No general cut in petrol taxes; energy voucher extended (€4bn) (public statement by the candidate)
Business taxation
- Corporate income taxLe PenNo position recordedGlucksmannother change: PS programme: corporate income tax made progressive, in favour of SMEs (document of the candidate’s party or movement)
- Taxation of digital giants and multinationalsLe Penincrease: Corporate income tax on multinationals in proportion to activity in France (public statement by the candidate)Glucksmannincrease: Targeted rise in the GAFAM tax, no rate given, for a digital agency (encoding being checked) (document of the candidate’s party or movement)
- Production taxesLe Pendecrease: €20bn cut in production taxes (public statement by the candidate)GlucksmannNo position recorded
- Windfall profits and share buybacksLe Penincrease: Tax on share buybacks, €8.4bn expected (RN counter-budget) (document of the candidate’s party or movement)Glucksmannincrease: Tax oil companies’ windfall profits to fund fuel aid (public statement by the candidate)
- Financial transaction taxLe PenNo position recordedGlucksmannincrease: PS programme: global tax on financial transactions (document of the candidate’s party or movement)
Debt and public spending
- Public deficit targeted for 2032Le Pendecrease: Public deficit below 2.5% of GDP in 2032 (public statement by the candidate)Glucksmannother change: Deficits cut over five years by a « contrat de stabilité » [“stability contract”], no target (document of the candidate’s party or movement)
- Level of public spendingLe Pendecrease: Public spending brought below 50% of GDP by the end of the term (public statement by the candidate)GlucksmannNo position recorded
- Announced savingsLe Penincrease: €140bn of savings by 2032, end of almost all state agencies (public statement by the candidate)GlucksmannNo position recorded
- Handling of the debtLe Pendecrease: Debt brought down from 121% of GDP in 2027 to 112% in 2032 (public statement by the candidate)Glucksmanndecrease: Debt reduction path over five years (document of the candidate’s party or movement)
- Fiscal rulesLe Pencreation: Golden rule on the deficit written into the Constitution by referendum (public statement by the candidate)GlucksmannNo position recorded
Local authorities
School
Higher education and research
- Access to higher educationLe PenNo position recordedGlucksmannother change: Rethink Parcoursup through a consultation (document of the candidate’s party or movement)
- University tuition feesLe Penabolition: Abolition of the CVEC, « un gain immédiat de 105 € » [“an immediate gain of €105”] per student (public statement by the candidate)GlucksmannNo position recorded
- Research, share of GDPLe PenNo position recordedGlucksmannincrease: PS programme: R&D at 3% of GDP in 2030, of which at least 1% public research (document of the candidate’s party or movement)
Health
- Where doctors set up practiceLe PenNo position recordedGlucksmannother change: Support for setting up practice, mixed practice, group care practices (document of the candidate’s party or movement)
- Public hospitalsLe Penother change: Less administration in hospitals, more carers with patients (public statement by the candidate)Glucksmannincrease: End of fee-for-service pricing in hospitals, better pay for carers (encoding being checked) (document of the candidate’s party or movement)
- End of lifeLe Penunchanged: No repeal of the law, vigilance over abuses (RN spokesperson) (words of an associate of the candidate)Glucksmannunchanged: PS programme: assisted dying law (since passed), more palliative care (document of the candidate’s party or movement)
Housing
- Rent controlsLe PenNo position recordedGlucksmannother change: Rent controls in areas of high housing pressure (document of the candidate’s party or movement)
- Social housingLe Pendecrease: Priority for French nationals in social housing, repeal of the SRU law (public statement by the candidate)Glucksmannincrease: Higher annual social housing targets, no figure (document of the candidate’s party or movement)
- Personal housing benefits (APL)Le Pendecrease: APL reserved for French nationals (national priority) (public statement by the candidate)GlucksmannNo position recorded
Security and justice
- Prisons and sentencesLe PenNo position recordedGlucksmannother change: Against prison overcrowding: tailored sentences and renovated prisons (encoding being checked) (document of the candidate’s party or movement)
- Violence against women and childrenLe PenNo position recordedGlucksmannincrease: Major plan against sexist and sexual violence, one billion euros (encoding being checked) (document of the candidate’s party or movement)
State and civil service
- Numbers and pay of civil servantsLe Pendecrease: Fewer public employees, retirements not replaced, no figure (public statement by the candidate)Glucksmannincrease: PS programme: pay rises for public employees, tenure for contract staff (encoding being checked) (document of the candidate’s party or movement)
- Public broadcastingLe Pendecrease: Privatisation of public broadcasting (2024 RN programme) (document of the candidate’s party or movement)Glucksmannother change: Strengthen public broadcasting and media independence (encoding being checked) (document of the candidate’s party or movement)
Climate
- Emissions cut by 2030, compared with 1990Le PenNo position recordedGlucksmannunchanged: −55% emissions in 2030 and −90% in 2040, European targets (document of the candidate’s party or movement)
- Energy renovations per yearLe Penother change: MaPrimeRénov’ replaced by a zero-interest loan, with no numerical target (public statement by the candidate)Glucksmannincrease: MaPrimeRénov’ relaunched and simplified, no quantified target (document of the candidate’s party or movement)
- Adaptation to climate changeLe Penincrease: Plan clim: €10bn over 5 years to air-condition nurseries, schools, hospitals, care homes (words of an associate of the candidate)Glucksmannincrease: Make adaptation a national mobilisation, more money for fire services (SDIS) (public statement by the candidate)
Energy
- New nuclear reactorsLe PenNo position recordedGlucksmannother change: Build new units on time, no number (document of the candidate’s party or movement)
- Wind and solarLe Penabolition: End of subsidies for intermittent energy sources (public statement by the candidate)Glucksmannincrease: Multi-year investment plan in renewables (document of the candidate’s party or movement)
- Existing nuclear fleetLe PenNo position recordedGlucksmannunchanged: Ensure the safety of existing nuclear power plants (document of the candidate’s party or movement)
- Electricity prices, European marketLe Penother change: Break with European electricity pricing rules (words of an associate of the candidate)Glucksmanndecrease: Lower prices, part of the bill at production cost, 2024 tax cancelled (document of the candidate’s party or movement)
Agriculture and trade
- Floor prices, farm incomeLe PenNo position recordedGlucksmanncreation: Remunerative floor prices, end to circumventions of EGalim (document of the candidate’s party or movement)
- PesticidesLe PenNo position recordedGlucksmanndecrease: Ban glyphosate, neonicotinoids and the most harmful pesticides (document of the candidate’s party or movement)
- Common Agricultural PolicyLe PenNo position recordedGlucksmannother change: End of per-hectare payments, capped payments (document of the candidate’s party or movement)
- Free trade agreements (Mercosur)Le Pendecrease: Opposed to the EU-Mercosur agreement, « agression majeure contre l'agriculture » [“major aggression against agriculture”] (public statement by the candidate)Glucksmanndecrease: Against the EU-Mercosur agreement, mirror measures on agricultural imports (document of the candidate’s party or movement)
Industry and investment
- Additional public investment, per yearLe PenNo position recordedGlucksmannincrease: More public investment, national and local, for the transition (document of the candidate’s party or movement)
- Industrial aid and reshoringLe Penother change: Public procurement steered towards companies established in France (public statement by the candidate)Glucksmannother change: Public procurement geared towards buying local (document of the candidate’s party or movement)
Transport
Institutions
- Voting system for legislative electionsLe Pencreation: Proportional representation; the 1986 system deemed « un moindre mal » [“a lesser evil”] (public statement by the candidate)Glucksmanncreation: Immediate proportional representation, preferably by regional constituencies (document of the candidate’s party or movement)
- Citizens' initiative referendum (RIC)Le PenNo position recordedGlucksmanncreation: Citizens’ initiative for local and national referendums (document of the candidate’s party or movement)
- Article 49.3 and revision of the ConstitutionLe Penother change: Only the people may amend the Constitution, without MPs or senators (public statement by the candidate)Glucksmanndecrease: Investiture of the Prime Minister and constructive no-confidence vote, end of Article 49.3 (document of the candidate’s party or movement)
- Voting ageLe PenNo position recordedGlucksmanndecrease: Voting at 16, probably only in local elections (ambiguous sentence) (document of the candidate’s party or movement)
Immigration
- Labour immigration and residence permitsLe Pendecrease: €1,000-a-year tax on each non-European employee hired (public statement by the candidate)Glucksmannincrease: Regularise undocumented workers (public statement by the candidate)
- Right of asylumLe Pendecrease: Right of asylum « durci » [“tightened”] by constitutional referendum (RN president) (words of an associate of the candidate)Glucksmannincrease: Right to work from registration of the asylum application (document of the candidate’s party or movement)
- Birthright citizenship and nationalityLe Penabolition: End of birthright citizenship by constitutional referendum (RN president) (words of an associate of the candidate)GlucksmannNo position recorded
Europe and defence
- Place in the European UnionLe Pendecrease: Net EU contribution cut to €5bn in the next financial framework (public statement by the candidate)Glucksmannincrease: Federal leap: qualified majority instead of veto, own resources increased tenfold (public statement by the candidate)
- Defence budgetLe Penincrease: Defence effort of at least 3% of GDP by 2030 (RN amendment) (words of an associate of the candidate)GlucksmannNo position recorded
- Support for UkraineLe Pendecrease: End of financial support; training and military equipment maintained (public statement by the candidate)Glucksmannincrease: More aid to Ukraine, funded by the €210bn of frozen Russian assets (public statement by the candidate)
Overseas territories
- High cost of living overseasLe Penother change: End of the octroi de mer (overseas dock dues), fully compensated to local authorities (public statement by the candidate)Glucksmannincrease: Cap the prices of basic necessities (document of the candidate’s party or movement)
- Status and autonomy of the territoriesLe PenNo position recordedGlucksmannother change: New Caledonia: return to the spirit of the Nouméa Accords (document of the candidate’s party or movement)
Society
The gaps for this pair have not yet been classified by the editors (opposed, same direction, convergence): the comparison shows who takes a position, and the two positions can be read side by side.
* encoding being checked; ‡ encoding contested by the candidate’s team; — not addressed.
p. 14: page of the programme; stmt: public statement by the candidate, outside a written programme; assoc.: words of an associate, which do not formally commit the candidate; party: document of the candidate’s party or movement, distinct from a presidential programme.