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Direction of change, relative to current law: increase; decrease; unchanged; abolition of a scheme; creation of a scheme; change of another kind, or uncertain direction.
Wages and SMIC (minimum wage)
- Net monthly SMIC (minimum wage)Ruffinincrease: €1,600, Nouveau Front populaire measure taken upGlucksmannincrease: €1,600 net within two years (2025 plan, not reconfirmed in 2026) (document of the candidate’s party or movement)
- Wage increases and indexationRuffincreation: Index wages to inflation, as until 1982GlucksmannNo position recorded
- Profit sharing (participation, intéressement)RuffinNo position recordedGlucksmannother change: PS programme: profit-sharing ≥ dividends; contributions on high incomes (document of the candidate’s party or movement)
Unemployment
- Unemployment, max. benefit durationRuffinNo position recordedGlucksmannincrease: Repeal Macron’s unemployment insurance reform (document of the candidate’s party or movement)
- Benefit amount and taperingRuffinNo position recordedGlucksmannincrease: Repeal Macron’s unemployment insurance reform (read as the 2019-2021 one) (document of the candidate’s party or movement)
Working time and labour law
Minimum incomes and benefits
Early childhood and old age
- Nurseries and childcareRuffinNo position recordedGlucksmannincrease: Public early-childhood service, enforceable right to childcare (encoding being checked) (document of the candidate’s party or movement)
- Old age and long-term careRuffinincrease: 25,000 places a year in independent-living residences and inclusive housingGlucksmannincrease: A Grand Âge (old age) law, more staff in care homes (EHPAD), better-paid jobs (document of the candidate’s party or movement)
Age and contribution period
- Legal retirement ageRuffindecrease: Retirement at 60, Nouveau Front populaire measure taken upGlucksmanndecrease: 62 after repeal of the 2023 reform, no return to 60 (public statement by the candidate)
- Contribution periodRuffinNo position recordedGlucksmannunchanged: PS programme: 43 years of contributions, reduced according to job arduousness (document of the candidate’s party or movement)
- Arduous workRuffinincrease: C2P replaced by one free quarter for every four contributed in an arduous jobGlucksmannincrease: Arduous work: earlier retirement for wearing jobs, later for some executives (public statement by the candidate)
Pension amounts
Taxation of pensioners
Income tax and CSG
- Income tax scaleRuffinNo position recordedGlucksmannincrease: Differential contribution on the highest incomes (document of the candidate’s party or movement)
- CSG (general social contribution)RuffinNo position recordedGlucksmanndecrease: Lower the CSG on wages, funded by large inheritances (public statement by the candidate)
- Flat-rate levy on capital (flat tax)Ruffinincrease: Criticises the government for refusing to raise the flat tax (position inferred) (public statement by the candidate)Glucksmannincrease: PFU raised to 34%, end of the wiping out of unrealised capital gains (document of the candidate’s party or movement)
Tax expenditures, subsidies and fraud
- Tax and social security expendituresRuffindecrease: End of allowances for furnished lets and on capital gains other than main residenceGlucksmanndecrease: Abolish ineffective tax expenditures, with no list (encoding being checked) (document of the candidate’s party or movement)
- Public aid to businessesRuffinother change: Business subsidies under the « 3 C » rule: targeting, conditions, controls (public statement by the candidate)Glucksmannother change: Redirect the €211bn of public aid to businesses (public statement by the candidate)
- Tax and social security fraudRuffinNo position recordedGlucksmannincrease: PS programme: more staff and tools against tax fraud (document of the candidate’s party or movement)
Wealth and inheritance
- Wealth tax (IFI, ISF)Ruffincreation: Voted for the Zucman tax, « 2 % d'impôt sur les patrimoines » [“2% tax on wealth”] (public statement by the candidate)Glucksmannincrease: Tax the largest fortunes (public statement by the candidate)
- Inheritance and gift taxRuffinincrease: In favour of taxing large transfers of wealth more (position inferred) (public statement by the candidate)Glucksmannincrease: Tax the top 1% of inheritances; Place publique: end of the Dutreil pact (encoding being checked) (public statement by the candidate)
Consumption
- VATRuffinNo position recordedGlucksmannincrease: End of VAT exemptions for polluting transport (document of the candidate’s party or movement)
- Taxes on fuel and energyRuffinother change: Floating tax on motor fuels, control of prices and margins (public statement by the candidate)Glucksmannunchanged: No general cut in petrol taxes; energy voucher extended (€4bn) (public statement by the candidate)
Business taxation
- Corporate income taxRuffinNo position recordedGlucksmannother change: PS programme: corporate income tax made progressive, in favour of SMEs (document of the candidate’s party or movement)
- Taxation of digital giants and multinationalsRuffinincrease: Co-signed amendment: GAFAM tax at 6%, 15% above €2bn of global turnover (public statement by the candidate)Glucksmannincrease: Targeted rise in the GAFAM tax, no rate given, for a digital agency (encoding being checked) (document of the candidate’s party or movement)
- Windfall profits and share buybacksRuffinincrease: 4% tax on dividends paid, put to a referendumGlucksmannincrease: Tax oil companies’ windfall profits to fund fuel aid (public statement by the candidate)
- Financial transaction taxRuffinincrease: Co-signed amendment: TTF (financial transaction tax) at 0.6%, extended to derivatives and intraday (public statement by the candidate)Glucksmannincrease: PS programme: global tax on financial transactions (document of the candidate’s party or movement)
Debt and public spending
- Public deficit targeted for 2032RuffinNo position recordedGlucksmannother change: Deficits cut over five years by a « contrat de stabilité » [“stability contract”], no target (document of the candidate’s party or movement)
- Announced savingsRuffinincrease: €20m of savings at the Élysée, end of the life annuity for former leadersGlucksmannNo position recorded
- Handling of the debtRuffinNo position recordedGlucksmanndecrease: Debt reduction path over five years (document of the candidate’s party or movement)
Local authorities
School
Higher education and research
- Access to higher educationRuffinother change: Abolish Parcoursup (public statement by the candidate)Glucksmannother change: Rethink Parcoursup through a consultation (document of the candidate’s party or movement)
- Research, share of GDPRuffinNo position recordedGlucksmannincrease: PS programme: R&D at 3% of GDP in 2030, of which at least 1% public research (document of the candidate’s party or movement)
Health
- Where doctors set up practiceRuffinNo position recordedGlucksmannother change: Support for setting up practice, mixed practice, group care practices (document of the candidate’s party or movement)
- Public hospitalsRuffinNo position recordedGlucksmannincrease: End of fee-for-service pricing in hospitals, better pay for carers (encoding being checked) (document of the candidate’s party or movement)
- Medical deductiblesRuffinunchanged: Against the doubling of medical deductibles and their extension (public statement by the candidate)GlucksmannNo position recorded
- End of lifeRuffinunchanged: Supports the assisted dying bill, deemed « équilibré » [“balanced”] (February 2026) (public statement by the candidate)Glucksmannunchanged: PS programme: assisted dying law (since passed), more palliative care (document of the candidate’s party or movement)
Housing
- Rent controlsRuffinincrease: Rent controls extended to the whole countryGlucksmannother change: Rent controls in areas of high housing pressure (document of the candidate’s party or movement)
- Social housingRuffinincrease: 200,000 public homes with regulated rents a yearGlucksmannincrease: Higher annual social housing targets, no figure (document of the candidate’s party or movement)
- Home ownershipRuffinincrease: Double the zero-rate loan (average PTZ from about €60,000 to €120,000)GlucksmannNo position recorded
- Emergency shelterRuffinincrease: 8,000 more emergency shelter places a year in high-demand areasGlucksmannNo position recorded
Security and justice
- Prisons and sentencesRuffinNo position recordedGlucksmannother change: Against prison overcrowding: tailored sentences and renovated prisons (encoding being checked) (document of the candidate’s party or movement)
- Violence against women and childrenRuffinincrease: Voted for the comprehensive law, which he co-signed, and its €3bn a year of appropriations (public statement by the candidate)Glucksmannincrease: Major plan against sexist and sexual violence, one billion euros (encoding being checked) (document of the candidate’s party or movement)
State and civil service
- Numbers and pay of civil servantsRuffinNo position recordedGlucksmannincrease: PS programme: pay rises for public employees, tenure for contract staff (encoding being checked) (document of the candidate’s party or movement)
- Delegation of public services to the private sectorRuffindecrease: Consultancy firms only as a last resortGlucksmannNo position recorded
- Public broadcastingRuffinNo position recordedGlucksmannother change: Strengthen public broadcasting and media independence (encoding being checked) (document of the candidate’s party or movement)
Climate
- Emissions cut by 2030, compared with 1990RuffinNo position recordedGlucksmannunchanged: −55% emissions in 2030 and −90% in 2040, European targets (document of the candidate’s party or movement)
- Energy renovations per yearRuffinincrease: One million renovations a year, 600,000 of them major; €15bn a yearGlucksmannincrease: MaPrimeRénov’ relaunched and simplified, no quantified target (document of the candidate’s party or movement)
- Adaptation to climate changeRuffinincrease: Climate emergency plan: firefighters, Canadair, Barnier fund raised to €1bnGlucksmannincrease: Make adaptation a national mobilisation, more money for fire services (SDIS) (public statement by the candidate)
Energy
- New nuclear reactorsRuffinunchanged: Six EPR2 continued; eight more according to EDF's estimateGlucksmannother change: Build new units on time, no number (document of the candidate’s party or movement)
- Wind and solarRuffinunchanged: Continue wind power, invest in dams, no quantified targetGlucksmannincrease: Multi-year investment plan in renewables (document of the candidate’s party or movement)
- Existing nuclear fleetRuffinunchanged: Extend plants' lifetimes as long as the ASNR validates their safetyGlucksmannunchanged: Ensure the safety of existing nuclear power plants (document of the candidate’s party or movement)
- Electricity prices, European marketRuffinother change: Exit from the market, cost-based prices, EDF alone for new large plantsGlucksmanndecrease: Lower prices, part of the bill at production cost, 2024 tax cancelled (document of the candidate’s party or movement)
Agriculture and trade
- Floor prices, farm incomeRuffincreation: Guaranteed minimum prices imposed on buyersGlucksmanncreation: Remunerative floor prices, end to circumventions of EGalim (document of the candidate’s party or movement)
- PesticidesRuffindecrease: Phase out synthetic pesticides, no timetableGlucksmanndecrease: Ban glyphosate, neonicotinoids and the most harmful pesticides (document of the candidate’s party or movement)
- Common Agricultural PolicyRuffinother change: First-pillar payments based on work, no longer just per hectareGlucksmannother change: End of per-hectare payments, capped payments (document of the candidate’s party or movement)
- Free trade agreements (Mercosur)Ruffindecrease: Break with agricultural free trade: quotas and customs barriersGlucksmanndecrease: Against the EU-Mercosur agreement, mirror measures on agricultural imports (document of the candidate’s party or movement)
Industry and investment
- Additional public investment, per yearRuffinNo position recordedGlucksmannincrease: More public investment, national and local, for the transition (document of the candidate’s party or movement)
- Industrial aid and reshoringRuffinother change: « 100 produits » [“100 products”] plan to reshore (batteries, heat pumps…)Glucksmannother change: Public procurement geared towards buying local (document of the candidate’s party or movement)
- Nationalisations and privatisationsRuffinother change: No privatisation; nationalise strategic companies if necessaryGlucksmannNo position recorded
Transport
- Everyday transportRuffinincrease: Coaches, on-demand transport and car-sharing to cover the whole territoryGlucksmannincrease: Ticket climat: single fixed-fare pass, first for young and precarious people (document of the candidate’s party or movement)
- RailRuffinincrease: Rail freight tripled, night trains, air traffic halvedGlucksmannNo position recorded
- Motorway concessionsRuffinabolition: End of motorway concessions, public pricing and lower tollsGlucksmannNo position recorded
Institutions
- Voting system for legislative electionsRuffinNo position recordedGlucksmanncreation: Immediate proportional representation, preferably by regional constituencies (document of the candidate’s party or movement)
- Citizens' initiative referendum (RIC)Ruffincreation: Introduce the citizens' initiative referendumGlucksmanncreation: Citizens’ initiative for local and national referendums (document of the candidate’s party or movement)
- Article 49.3 and revision of the ConstitutionRuffindecrease: Article 13: Parliament can block an appointment by simple majorityGlucksmanndecrease: Investiture of the Prime Minister and constructive no-confidence vote, end of Article 49.3 (document of the candidate’s party or movement)
- Length and number of terms of officeRuffindecrease: Ban combining a ministerial post with a local executive officeGlucksmannNo position recorded
- Voting ageRuffindecrease: Right to vote from 16, « un symbole » [“a symbol”] of listening to young people (public statement by the candidate)Glucksmanndecrease: Voting at 16, probably only in local elections (ambiguous sentence) (document of the candidate’s party or movement)
Immigration
- Labour immigration and residence permitsRuffinother change: Regularise immigrants already here, refuse new labour immigration (public statement by the candidate)Glucksmannincrease: Regularise undocumented workers (public statement by the candidate)
- Right of asylumRuffinNo position recordedGlucksmannincrease: Right to work from registration of the asylum application (document of the candidate’s party or movement)
Europe and defence
- Place in the European UnionRuffinother change: Limit the Commission's powers, especially in trade policy (public statement by the candidate)Glucksmannincrease: Federal leap: qualified majority instead of veto, own resources increased tenfold (public statement by the candidate)
- Support for UkraineRuffinNo position recordedGlucksmannincrease: More aid to Ukraine, funded by the €210bn of frozen Russian assets (public statement by the candidate)
Overseas territories
- High cost of living overseasRuffinincrease: Cap on air fares to and from the overseas territories (Outre-mer)Glucksmannincrease: Cap the prices of basic necessities (document of the candidate’s party or movement)
- Status and autonomy of the territoriesRuffinNo position recordedGlucksmannother change: New Caledonia: return to the spirit of the Nouméa Accords (document of the candidate’s party or movement)
Society
The gaps for this pair have not yet been classified by the editors (opposed, same direction, convergence): the comparison shows who takes a position, and the two positions can be read side by side.
* encoding being checked; ‡ encoding contested by the candidate’s team; — not addressed.
p. 14: page of the programme; stmt: public statement by the candidate, outside a written programme; assoc.: words of an associate, which do not formally commit the candidate; party: document of the candidate’s party or movement, distinct from a presidential programme.