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Direction of change, relative to current law: increase; decrease; unchanged; abolition of a scheme; creation of a scheme; change of another kind, or uncertain direction.
Wages and SMIC (minimum wage)
- Net monthly SMIC (minimum wage)LisnardNo position recordedGlucksmannincrease: €1,600 net within two years (2025 plan, not reconfirmed in 2026) (document of the candidate’s party or movement)
- Reductions in social contributions on low wagesLisnardincrease: €120bn less in contributions, returned as net pay (about €400 a month)GlucksmannNo position recorded
- Profit sharing (participation, intéressement)LisnardNo position recordedGlucksmannother change: PS programme: profit-sharing ≥ dividends; contributions on high incomes (document of the candidate’s party or movement)
Unemployment
- Unemployment, max. benefit durationLisnardNo position recordedGlucksmannincrease: Repeal Macron’s unemployment insurance reform (document of the candidate’s party or movement)
- Benefit amount and taperingLisnardNo position recordedGlucksmannincrease: Repeal Macron’s unemployment insurance reform (read as the 2019-2021 one) (document of the candidate’s party or movement)
Minimum incomes and benefits
- RSA (minimum income), amount and conditionsLisnardNo position recordedGlucksmannincrease: PS programme: unconditional RSA, paid automatically (document of the candidate’s party or movement)
- Automatic payment, single social allowanceLisnardcreation: A single social allowance, capped at a percentage of the SMIC (public statement by the candidate)GlucksmannNo position recorded
Early childhood and old age
- Nurseries and childcareLisnardother change: Early learning for 1-6-year-olds entrusted to municipalitiesGlucksmannincrease: Public early-childhood service, enforceable right to childcare (encoding being checked) (document of the candidate’s party or movement)
- Old age and long-term careLisnardNo position recordedGlucksmannincrease: A Grand Âge (old age) law, more staff in care homes (EHPAD), better-paid jobs (document of the candidate’s party or movement)
Age and contribution period
- Legal retirement ageLisnardincrease: Legal retirement age raised to 65, ahead of a funded componentGlucksmanndecrease: 62 after repeal of the 2023 reform, no return to 60 (public statement by the candidate)
- Contribution periodLisnardNo position recordedGlucksmannunchanged: PS programme: 43 years of contributions, reduced according to job arduousness (document of the candidate’s party or movement)
- Arduous workLisnardNo position recordedGlucksmannincrease: Arduous work: earlier retirement for wearing jobs, later for some executives (public statement by the candidate)
Pension amounts
Taxation of pensioners
Organisation of the system
Income tax and CSG
- Income tax scaleLisnardother change: Capital at a reduced rate, labour moderately progressive, tax expenditures repealed (public statement by the candidate)Glucksmannincrease: Differential contribution on the highest incomes (document of the candidate’s party or movement)
- CSG (general social contribution)Lisnarddecrease: CSG on earned income lowered, CSG and CRDS deductible from income tax (public statement by the candidate)Glucksmanndecrease: Lower the CSG on wages, funded by large inheritances (public statement by the candidate)
- Family quotientLisnardincrease: Remove the cap on the family quotientGlucksmannNo position recorded
- Flat-rate levy on capital (flat tax)Lisnarddecrease: PFU confirmed, property income under the same regime, capital taxed at a reduced rate (public statement by the candidate)Glucksmannincrease: PFU raised to 34%, end of the wiping out of unrealised capital gains (document of the candidate’s party or movement)
Tax expenditures, subsidies and fraud
- Tax and social security expendituresLisnardNo position recordedGlucksmanndecrease: Abolish ineffective tax expenditures, with no list (encoding being checked) (document of the candidate’s party or movement)
- Public aid to businessesLisnarddecrease: Opposed to public aid to businesses; prefers to cut levies (public statement by the candidate)Glucksmannother change: Redirect the €211bn of public aid to businesses (public statement by the candidate)
- Tax and social security fraudLisnardNo position recordedGlucksmannincrease: PS programme: more staff and tools against tax fraud (document of the candidate’s party or movement)
Wealth and inheritance
- Wealth tax (IFI, ISF)Lisnardabolition: IFI and transfer duties replaced by property-based taxation (public statement by the candidate)Glucksmannincrease: Tax the largest fortunes (public statement by the candidate)
- Inheritance and gift taxLisnarddecrease: Abolish inheritance tax in the direct line; low rates elsewhere (public statement by the candidate)Glucksmannincrease: Tax the top 1% of inheritances; Place publique: end of the Dutreil pact (encoding being checked) (public statement by the candidate)
Consumption
- VATLisnardincrease: VAT at 12.5% and 20% (2025 op-ed); question « pas tranchée » [“not settled”] in programme (public statement by the candidate)Glucksmannincrease: End of VAT exemptions for polluting transport (document of the candidate’s party or movement)
- Taxes on fuel and energyLisnarddecrease: Temporarily suspend energy savings certificates (pump prices) (public statement by the candidate)Glucksmannunchanged: No general cut in petrol taxes; energy voucher extended (€4bn) (public statement by the candidate)
Business taxation
- Corporate income taxLisnarddecrease: National corporate income tax at 20%, plus a local 0 to 5% share set by local authorities (public statement by the candidate)Glucksmannother change: PS programme: corporate income tax made progressive, in favour of SMEs (document of the candidate’s party or movement)
- Taxation of digital giants and multinationalsLisnardNo position recordedGlucksmannincrease: Targeted rise in the GAFAM tax, no rate given, for a digital agency (encoding being checked) (document of the candidate’s party or movement)
- Production taxesLisnarddecrease: Abolish the C3S and, where appropriate, the CVAE (€11.5bn according to the party)GlucksmannNo position recorded
- Windfall profits and share buybacksLisnardNo position recordedGlucksmannincrease: Tax oil companies’ windfall profits to fund fuel aid (public statement by the candidate)
- Financial transaction taxLisnardNo position recordedGlucksmannincrease: PS programme: global tax on financial transactions (document of the candidate’s party or movement)
Debt and public spending
- Public deficit targeted for 2032LisnardNo position recordedGlucksmannother change: Deficits cut over five years by a « contrat de stabilité » [“stability contract”], no target (document of the candidate’s party or movement)
- Level of public spendingLisnarddecrease: Public spending cut by 8 points of GDP in 10 years, below 50% of GDPGlucksmannNo position recorded
- Announced savingsLisnardincrease: Savings in State agencies and non-contributory allowances (public statement by the candidate)GlucksmannNo position recorded
- Handling of the debtLisnarddecrease: Lower debt relative to GDP; rejects debt cancellationGlucksmanndecrease: Debt reduction path over five years (document of the candidate’s party or movement)
- Fiscal rulesLisnardcreation: Golden rule on the operating deficit, not on investmentGlucksmannNo position recorded
School
- Pupils per class, primaryLisnardNo position recordedGlucksmanndecrease: Fewer pupils per class in primary school, after pay, no target (public statement by the candidate)
- Teachers' payLisnardincrease: +20% in five years, in return for reorganising the professionGlucksmannincrease: Pay rise first, no amount (public statement by the candidate)
- Funding of private schoolsLisnardincrease: School catchment rules repealed, gradual education voucher for public or privateGlucksmannNo position recorded
- School timetablesLisnardother change: School year and timetables subject to supervised local autonomyGlucksmannNo position recorded
Higher education and research
- Access to higher educationLisnardother change: Abolish Parcoursup (health section of the programme)Glucksmannother change: Rethink Parcoursup through a consultation (document of the candidate’s party or movement)
- Research, share of GDPLisnardNo position recordedGlucksmannincrease: PS programme: R&D at 3% of GDP in 2030, of which at least 1% public research (document of the candidate’s party or movement)
Health
- Where doctors set up practiceLisnardother change: Freedom to choose practice location, contracting differentiated by needGlucksmannother change: Support for setting up practice, mixed practice, group care practices (document of the candidate’s party or movement)
- Public hospitalsLisnardother change: Abolish the ARS (regional health agencies); mayors to chair the boards of directorsGlucksmannincrease: End of fee-for-service pricing in hospitals, better pay for carers (encoding being checked) (document of the candidate’s party or movement)
- End of lifeLisnardother change: Against a right to active assistance in dying, for the Claeys-Leonetti framework (2025) (public statement by the candidate)Glucksmannunchanged: PS programme: assisted dying law (since passed), more palliative care (document of the candidate’s party or movement)
Housing
- Rent controlsLisnardNo position recordedGlucksmannother change: Rent controls in areas of high housing pressure (document of the candidate’s party or movement)
- Social housingLisnarddecrease: Abolish Article 55 of the SRU law; possibly a capped flow targetGlucksmannincrease: Higher annual social housing targets, no figure (document of the candidate’s party or movement)
- Home ownershipLisnardother change: Funded retirement savings partly released for a main residenceGlucksmannNo position recorded
Security and justice
- Police and gendarmerie numbersLisnardother change: Security forces in the field: 50% presence minimum, against 37%GlucksmannNo position recorded
- Prisons and sentencesLisnardincrease: 20,000 prison places, sentences served in full, real life imprisonment (public statement by the candidate)Glucksmannother change: Against prison overcrowding: tailored sentences and renovated prisons (encoding being checked) (document of the candidate’s party or movement)
- Juvenile justiceLisnardincrease: Lower the age of criminal majority to 16 and reverse the minority excuse from 13GlucksmannNo position recorded
- Resources for the justice systemLisnardincrease: Double staffing in the criminal courtsGlucksmannNo position recorded
- Violence against women and childrenLisnardNo position recordedGlucksmannincrease: Major plan against sexist and sexual violence, one billion euros (encoding being checked) (document of the candidate’s party or movement)
State and civil service
- Numbers and pay of civil servantsLisnarddecrease: 450,000 staff moved from offices to the field, lower pay billGlucksmannincrease: PS programme: pay rises for public employees, tenure for contract staff (encoding being checked) (document of the candidate’s party or movement)
- Public broadcastingLisnardNo position recordedGlucksmannother change: Strengthen public broadcasting and media independence (encoding being checked) (document of the candidate’s party or movement)
Climate
- Emissions cut by 2030, compared with 1990LisnardNo position recordedGlucksmannunchanged: −55% emissions in 2030 and −90% in 2040, European targets (document of the candidate’s party or movement)
- Carbon priceLisnardother change: Polluter pays, with total levies unchangedGlucksmannNo position recorded
- Energy renovations per yearLisnardother change: Abolish the DPE (energy performance certificate); no renovation target figure (public statement by the candidate)Glucksmannincrease: MaPrimeRénov’ relaunched and simplified, no quantified target (document of the candidate’s party or movement)
- Adaptation to climate changeLisnardincrease: Fires: more resources for the SDIS (fire and rescue services) by reallocating existing revenue (public statement by the candidate)Glucksmannincrease: Make adaptation a national mobilisation, more money for fire services (SDIS) (public statement by the candidate)
Energy
- New nuclear reactorsLisnardincrease: Six EPRs, mini-reactors, fleet extended to 60 yearsGlucksmannother change: Build new units on time, no number (document of the candidate’s party or movement)
- Wind and solarLisnarddecrease: End of the special regime for renewables, shift towards nuclearGlucksmannincrease: Multi-year investment plan in renewables (document of the candidate’s party or movement)
- Existing nuclear fleetLisnardunchanged: Extend the lifespan of reactors to 60 yearsGlucksmannunchanged: Ensure the safety of existing nuclear power plants (document of the candidate’s party or movement)
- Electricity prices, European marketLisnardother change: Long-term contracts at nuclear cost for industry (public statement by the candidate)Glucksmanndecrease: Lower prices, part of the bill at production cost, 2024 tax cancelled (document of the candidate’s party or movement)
Agriculture and trade
- Floor prices, farm incomeLisnardother change: Charges shifted onto value added, environmental services paid forGlucksmanncreation: Remunerative floor prices, end to circumventions of EGalim (document of the candidate’s party or movement)
- PesticidesLisnardother change: Reasoned use of plant protection products, new genomic techniques authorisedGlucksmanndecrease: Ban glyphosate, neonicotinoids and the most harmful pesticides (document of the candidate’s party or movement)
- Common Agricultural PolicyLisnardother change: CAP refocused on production, sovereignty and exportsGlucksmannother change: End of per-hectare payments, capped payments (document of the candidate’s party or movement)
- Free trade agreements (Mercosur)Lisnarddecrease: Mandatory mirror clauses on imported agricultural productsGlucksmanndecrease: Against the EU-Mercosur agreement, mirror measures on agricultural imports (document of the candidate’s party or movement)
Industry and investment
- Additional public investment, per yearLisnardincrease: Road, rail and digital plan against isolation, no amountGlucksmannincrease: More public investment, national and local, for the transition (document of the candidate’s party or movement)
- Industrial aid and reshoringLisnardother change: The State creates the conditions for reindustrialisation, without picking champions (public statement by the candidate)Glucksmannother change: Public procurement geared towards buying local (document of the candidate’s party or movement)
Transport
Institutions
- Voting system for legislative electionsLisnardunchanged: Does not see full proportional representation as a remedy (public statement by the candidate)Glucksmanncreation: Immediate proportional representation, preferably by regional constituencies (document of the candidate’s party or movement)
- Citizens' initiative referendum (RIC)Lisnardincrease: Article 11 with no subject limits; workable popular initiative, guaranteed vote (public statement by the candidate)Glucksmanncreation: Citizens’ initiative for local and national referendums (document of the candidate’s party or movement)
- Article 49.3 and revision of the ConstitutionLisnardother change: Able, eventually, to revise the Constitution by referendum; Article 49.3 not addressed (public statement by the candidate)Glucksmanndecrease: Investiture of the Prime Minister and constructive no-confidence vote, end of Article 49.3 (document of the candidate’s party or movement)
- Voting ageLisnardNo position recordedGlucksmanndecrease: Voting at 16, probably only in local elections (ambiguous sentence) (document of the candidate’s party or movement)
Immigration
- Labour immigration and residence permitsLisnarddecrease: Residence permits divided by eight, quotas for skilled labourGlucksmannincrease: Regularise undocumented workers (public statement by the candidate)
- Right of asylumLisnardother change: Process asylum applications in consulates abroadGlucksmannincrease: Right to work from registration of the asylum application (document of the candidate’s party or movement)
- State medical aid (Aide médicale de l'État)Lisnardabolition: Abolish the AME (state medical aid), replaced by emergency aid (€700m in savings)GlucksmannNo position recorded
- Birthright citizenship and nationalityLisnardabolition: End automatic acquisition of nationality by birthright (droit du sol)GlucksmannNo position recorded
Europe and defence
- Place in the European UnionLisnardother change: Treaty for the democratisation of Europe, competences redistributedGlucksmannincrease: Federal leap: qualified majority instead of veto, own resources increased tenfold (public statement by the candidate)
- Support for UkraineLisnardNo position recordedGlucksmannincrease: More aid to Ukraine, funded by the €210bn of frozen Russian assets (public statement by the candidate)
Overseas territories
- High cost of living overseasLisnardNo position recordedGlucksmannincrease: Cap the prices of basic necessities (document of the candidate’s party or movement)
- Status and autonomy of the territoriesLisnardother change: Same local freedoms everywhere, no negotiated special status (public statement by the candidate)Glucksmannother change: New Caledonia: return to the spirit of the Nouméa Accords (document of the candidate’s party or movement)
The gaps for this pair have not yet been classified by the editors (opposed, same direction, convergence): the comparison shows who takes a position, and the two positions can be read side by side.
* encoding being checked; ‡ encoding contested by the candidate’s team; — not addressed.
p. 14: page of the programme; stmt: public statement by the candidate, outside a written programme; assoc.: words of an associate, which do not formally commit the candidate; party: document of the candidate’s party or movement, distinct from a presidential programme.