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Direction of change, relative to current law: increase; decrease; unchanged; abolition of a scheme; creation of a scheme; change of another kind, or uncertain direction.
Wages and SMIC (minimum wage)
- Net monthly SMIC (minimum wage)Glucksmannincrease: €1,600 net within two years (2025 plan, not reconfirmed in 2026) (document of the candidate’s party or movement)Le PenNo position recorded
- Profit sharing (participation, intéressement)Glucksmannother change: PS programme: profit-sharing ≥ dividends; contributions on high incomes (document of the candidate’s party or movement)Le PenNo position recorded
Unemployment
- Unemployment, max. benefit durationGlucksmannincrease: Repeal Macron’s unemployment insurance reform (document of the candidate’s party or movement)Le PenNo position recorded
- Benefit amount and taperingGlucksmannincrease: Repeal Macron’s unemployment insurance reform (read as the 2019-2021 one) (document of the candidate’s party or movement)Le PenNo position recorded
Minimum incomes and benefits
- RSA (minimum income), amount and conditionsGlucksmannincrease: PS programme: unconditional RSA, paid automatically (document of the candidate’s party or movement)Le Pendecrease: Solidarity benefits reserved for foreigners who have worked five years (document of the candidate’s party or movement)
- Family allowancesGlucksmannNo position recordedLe Pendecrease: Family allowances reserved for French nationals (national priority) (public statement by the candidate)
- Automatic payment, single social allowanceGlucksmannNo position recordedLe Penincrease: Single social allowance, presented as a measure against benefit fraud (public statement by the candidate)
Early childhood and old age
- Nurseries and childcareGlucksmannincrease: Public early-childhood service, enforceable right to childcare (encoding being checked) (document of the candidate’s party or movement)Le PenNo position recorded
- Old age and long-term careGlucksmannincrease: A Grand Âge (old age) law, more staff in care homes (EHPAD), better-paid jobs (document of the candidate’s party or movement)Le Penincrease: Stronger support for family carers (2024 RN programme) (document of the candidate’s party or movement)
Age and contribution period
- Legal retirement ageGlucksmanndecrease: 62 after repeal of the 2023 reform, no return to 60 (public statement by the candidate)Le Pendecrease: Return to 62, 60 for those who started work before 20 (public statement by the candidate)
- Contribution periodGlucksmannunchanged: PS programme: 43 years of contributions, reduced according to job arduousness (document of the candidate’s party or movement)Le Pendecrease: 42 years of contributions, reached gradually (public statement by the candidate)
- Long careersGlucksmannNo position recordedLe Penincrease: Retirement at 60 after 40 years of contributions for a start before 20 (public statement by the candidate)
- Arduous workGlucksmannincrease: Arduous work: earlier retirement for wearing jobs, later for some executives (public statement by the candidate)Le PenNo position recorded
Pension amounts
Taxation of pensioners
- 10% allowance on pensionsGlucksmannNo position recordedLe Penunchanged: Pensioners' 10% tax allowance kept, flat-rate allowance rejected (RN) (document of the candidate’s party or movement)
- CSG (general social contribution) on pensionersGlucksmannother change: Larger contribution from pensioners, without saying through which tax (document of the candidate’s party or movement)Le PenNo position recorded
Organisation of the system
Income tax and CSG
- Income tax scaleGlucksmannincrease: Differential contribution on the highest incomes (document of the candidate’s party or movement)Le Pendecrease: Income tax abolished for under-30s, below a ceiling (public statement by the candidate)
- CSG (general social contribution)Glucksmanndecrease: Lower the CSG on wages, funded by large inheritances (public statement by the candidate)Le PenNo position recorded
- Family quotientGlucksmannNo position recordedLe Penincrease: Full tax share from the second child (document of the candidate’s party or movement)
- Flat-rate levy on capital (flat tax)Glucksmannincrease: PFU raised to 34%, end of the wiping out of unrealised capital gains (document of the candidate’s party or movement)Le Pendecrease: Flat tax (PFU) cut from 31.4% to 30% (public statement by the candidate)
Tax expenditures, subsidies and fraud
- Tax and social security expendituresGlucksmanndecrease: Abolish ineffective tax expenditures, with no list (encoding being checked) (document of the candidate’s party or movement)Le PenNo position recorded
- Public aid to businessesGlucksmannother change: Redirect the €211bn of public aid to businesses (public statement by the candidate)Le PenNo position recorded
- Tax and social security fraudGlucksmannincrease: PS programme: more staff and tools against tax fraud (document of the candidate’s party or movement)Le Penincrease: VAT paid at source, against fraud estimated at €26bn (public statement by the candidate)
Wealth and inheritance
- Wealth tax (IFI, ISF)Glucksmannincrease: Tax the largest fortunes (public statement by the candidate)Le Penother change: IFI replaced by a tax on financial wealth (public statement by the candidate)
- Inheritance and gift taxGlucksmannincrease: Tax the top 1% of inheritances; Place publique: end of the Dutreil pact (encoding being checked) (public statement by the candidate)Le Penincrease: Pacte Dutreil conditional on ten years of production in France (public statement by the candidate)
Consumption
- VATGlucksmannincrease: End of VAT exemptions for polluting transport (document of the candidate’s party or movement)Le Pendecrease: Reduced VAT on energy: motor fuels, electricity, gas, heating oil (public statement by the candidate)
- Taxes on fuel and energyGlucksmannunchanged: No general cut in petrol taxes; energy voucher extended (€4bn) (public statement by the candidate)Le PenNo position recorded
Business taxation
- Corporate income taxGlucksmannother change: PS programme: corporate income tax made progressive, in favour of SMEs (document of the candidate’s party or movement)Le PenNo position recorded
- Taxation of digital giants and multinationalsGlucksmannincrease: Targeted rise in the GAFAM tax, no rate given, for a digital agency (encoding being checked) (document of the candidate’s party or movement)Le Penincrease: Corporate income tax on multinationals in proportion to activity in France (public statement by the candidate)
- Production taxesGlucksmannNo position recordedLe Pendecrease: €20bn cut in production taxes (public statement by the candidate)
- Windfall profits and share buybacksGlucksmannincrease: Tax oil companies’ windfall profits to fund fuel aid (public statement by the candidate)Le Penincrease: Tax on share buybacks, €8.4bn expected (RN counter-budget) (document of the candidate’s party or movement)
- Financial transaction taxGlucksmannincrease: PS programme: global tax on financial transactions (document of the candidate’s party or movement)Le PenNo position recorded
Debt and public spending
- Public deficit targeted for 2032Glucksmannother change: Deficits cut over five years by a « contrat de stabilité » [“stability contract”], no target (document of the candidate’s party or movement)Le Pendecrease: Public deficit below 2.5% of GDP in 2032 (public statement by the candidate)
- Level of public spendingGlucksmannNo position recordedLe Pendecrease: Public spending brought below 50% of GDP by the end of the term (public statement by the candidate)
- Announced savingsGlucksmannNo position recordedLe Penincrease: €140bn of savings by 2032, end of almost all state agencies (public statement by the candidate)
- Handling of the debtGlucksmanndecrease: Debt reduction path over five years (document of the candidate’s party or movement)Le Pendecrease: Debt brought down from 121% of GDP in 2027 to 112% in 2032 (public statement by the candidate)
- Fiscal rulesGlucksmannNo position recordedLe Pencreation: Golden rule on the deficit written into the Constitution by referendum (public statement by the candidate)
Local authorities
School
Higher education and research
- Access to higher educationGlucksmannother change: Rethink Parcoursup through a consultation (document of the candidate’s party or movement)Le PenNo position recorded
- University tuition feesGlucksmannNo position recordedLe Penabolition: Abolition of the CVEC, « un gain immédiat de 105 € » [“an immediate gain of €105”] per student (public statement by the candidate)
- Research, share of GDPGlucksmannincrease: PS programme: R&D at 3% of GDP in 2030, of which at least 1% public research (document of the candidate’s party or movement)Le PenNo position recorded
Health
- Where doctors set up practiceGlucksmannother change: Support for setting up practice, mixed practice, group care practices (document of the candidate’s party or movement)Le PenNo position recorded
- Public hospitalsGlucksmannincrease: End of fee-for-service pricing in hospitals, better pay for carers (encoding being checked) (document of the candidate’s party or movement)Le Penother change: Less administration in hospitals, more carers with patients (public statement by the candidate)
- End of lifeGlucksmannunchanged: PS programme: assisted dying law (since passed), more palliative care (document of the candidate’s party or movement)Le Penunchanged: No repeal of the law, vigilance over abuses (RN spokesperson) (words of an associate of the candidate)
Housing
- Rent controlsGlucksmannother change: Rent controls in areas of high housing pressure (document of the candidate’s party or movement)Le PenNo position recorded
- Social housingGlucksmannincrease: Higher annual social housing targets, no figure (document of the candidate’s party or movement)Le Pendecrease: Priority for French nationals in social housing, repeal of the SRU law (public statement by the candidate)
- Personal housing benefits (APL)GlucksmannNo position recordedLe Pendecrease: APL reserved for French nationals (national priority) (public statement by the candidate)
Security and justice
- Prisons and sentencesGlucksmannother change: Against prison overcrowding: tailored sentences and renovated prisons (encoding being checked) (document of the candidate’s party or movement)Le PenNo position recorded
- Violence against women and childrenGlucksmannincrease: Major plan against sexist and sexual violence, one billion euros (encoding being checked) (document of the candidate’s party or movement)Le PenNo position recorded
State and civil service
- Numbers and pay of civil servantsGlucksmannincrease: PS programme: pay rises for public employees, tenure for contract staff (encoding being checked) (document of the candidate’s party or movement)Le Pendecrease: Fewer public employees, retirements not replaced, no figure (public statement by the candidate)
- Public broadcastingGlucksmannother change: Strengthen public broadcasting and media independence (encoding being checked) (document of the candidate’s party or movement)Le Pendecrease: Privatisation of public broadcasting (2024 RN programme) (document of the candidate’s party or movement)
Climate
- Emissions cut by 2030, compared with 1990Glucksmannunchanged: −55% emissions in 2030 and −90% in 2040, European targets (document of the candidate’s party or movement)Le PenNo position recorded
- Energy renovations per yearGlucksmannincrease: MaPrimeRénov’ relaunched and simplified, no quantified target (document of the candidate’s party or movement)Le Penother change: MaPrimeRénov’ replaced by a zero-interest loan, with no numerical target (public statement by the candidate)
- Adaptation to climate changeGlucksmannincrease: Make adaptation a national mobilisation, more money for fire services (SDIS) (public statement by the candidate)Le Penincrease: Plan clim: €10bn over 5 years to air-condition nurseries, schools, hospitals, care homes (words of an associate of the candidate)
Energy
- New nuclear reactorsGlucksmannother change: Build new units on time, no number (document of the candidate’s party or movement)Le PenNo position recorded
- Wind and solarGlucksmannincrease: Multi-year investment plan in renewables (document of the candidate’s party or movement)Le Penabolition: End of subsidies for intermittent energy sources (public statement by the candidate)
- Existing nuclear fleetGlucksmannunchanged: Ensure the safety of existing nuclear power plants (document of the candidate’s party or movement)Le PenNo position recorded
- Electricity prices, European marketGlucksmanndecrease: Lower prices, part of the bill at production cost, 2024 tax cancelled (document of the candidate’s party or movement)Le Penother change: Break with European electricity pricing rules (words of an associate of the candidate)
Agriculture and trade
- Floor prices, farm incomeGlucksmanncreation: Remunerative floor prices, end to circumventions of EGalim (document of the candidate’s party or movement)Le PenNo position recorded
- PesticidesGlucksmanndecrease: Ban glyphosate, neonicotinoids and the most harmful pesticides (document of the candidate’s party or movement)Le PenNo position recorded
- Common Agricultural PolicyGlucksmannother change: End of per-hectare payments, capped payments (document of the candidate’s party or movement)Le PenNo position recorded
- Free trade agreements (Mercosur)Glucksmanndecrease: Against the EU-Mercosur agreement, mirror measures on agricultural imports (document of the candidate’s party or movement)Le Pendecrease: Opposed to the EU-Mercosur agreement, « agression majeure contre l'agriculture » [“major aggression against agriculture”] (public statement by the candidate)
Industry and investment
- Additional public investment, per yearGlucksmannincrease: More public investment, national and local, for the transition (document of the candidate’s party or movement)Le PenNo position recorded
- Industrial aid and reshoringGlucksmannother change: Public procurement geared towards buying local (document of the candidate’s party or movement)Le Penother change: Public procurement steered towards companies established in France (public statement by the candidate)
Transport
Institutions
- Voting system for legislative electionsGlucksmanncreation: Immediate proportional representation, preferably by regional constituencies (document of the candidate’s party or movement)Le Pencreation: Proportional representation; the 1986 system deemed « un moindre mal » [“a lesser evil”] (public statement by the candidate)
- Citizens' initiative referendum (RIC)Glucksmanncreation: Citizens’ initiative for local and national referendums (document of the candidate’s party or movement)Le PenNo position recorded
- Article 49.3 and revision of the ConstitutionGlucksmanndecrease: Investiture of the Prime Minister and constructive no-confidence vote, end of Article 49.3 (document of the candidate’s party or movement)Le Penother change: Only the people may amend the Constitution, without MPs or senators (public statement by the candidate)
- Voting ageGlucksmanndecrease: Voting at 16, probably only in local elections (ambiguous sentence) (document of the candidate’s party or movement)Le PenNo position recorded
Immigration
- Labour immigration and residence permitsGlucksmannincrease: Regularise undocumented workers (public statement by the candidate)Le Pendecrease: €1,000-a-year tax on each non-European employee hired (public statement by the candidate)
- Right of asylumGlucksmannincrease: Right to work from registration of the asylum application (document of the candidate’s party or movement)Le Pendecrease: Right of asylum « durci » [“tightened”] by constitutional referendum (RN president) (words of an associate of the candidate)
- Birthright citizenship and nationalityGlucksmannNo position recordedLe Penabolition: End of birthright citizenship by constitutional referendum (RN president) (words of an associate of the candidate)
Europe and defence
- Place in the European UnionGlucksmannincrease: Federal leap: qualified majority instead of veto, own resources increased tenfold (public statement by the candidate)Le Pendecrease: Net EU contribution cut to €5bn in the next financial framework (public statement by the candidate)
- Defence budgetGlucksmannNo position recordedLe Penincrease: Defence effort of at least 3% of GDP by 2030 (RN amendment) (words of an associate of the candidate)
- Support for UkraineGlucksmannincrease: More aid to Ukraine, funded by the €210bn of frozen Russian assets (public statement by the candidate)Le Pendecrease: End of financial support; training and military equipment maintained (public statement by the candidate)
Overseas territories
- High cost of living overseasGlucksmannincrease: Cap the prices of basic necessities (document of the candidate’s party or movement)Le Penother change: End of the octroi de mer (overseas dock dues), fully compensated to local authorities (public statement by the candidate)
- Status and autonomy of the territoriesGlucksmannother change: New Caledonia: return to the spirit of the Nouméa Accords (document of the candidate’s party or movement)Le PenNo position recorded
Society
The gaps for this pair have not yet been classified by the editors (opposed, same direction, convergence): the comparison shows who takes a position, and the two positions can be read side by side.
* encoding being checked; ‡ encoding contested by the candidate’s team; — not addressed.
p. 14: page of the programme; stmt: public statement by the candidate, outside a written programme; assoc.: words of an associate, which do not formally commit the candidate; party: document of the candidate’s party or movement, distinct from a presidential programme.