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Direction of change, relative to current law: increase; decrease; unchanged; abolition of a scheme; creation of a scheme; change of another kind, or uncertain direction.
Wages and SMIC (minimum wage)
- Net monthly SMIC (minimum wage)Tondelierincrease: €2,000 gross from 2027, targeted support for very small firms, SMEs and associationsGlucksmannincrease: €1,600 net within two years (2025 plan, not reconfirmed in 2026) (document of the candidate’s party or movement)
- Wage increases and indexationTondelierincrease: Restore the favourability principle, sector minimums raised at least to the SMICGlucksmannNo position recorded
- Reductions in social contributions on low wagesTondelierdecrease: End of exemptions above 1.6 SMIC and on overtimeGlucksmannNo position recorded
- In-work benefit (prime d'activité)Tondelierother change: Make the prime d'activité independent of the couple (2025 plan) (document of the candidate’s party or movement)GlucksmannNo position recorded
- Profit sharing (participation, intéressement)Tondelierdecrease: Contributions on employee savings, profit-sharing and participation schemesGlucksmannother change: PS programme: profit-sharing ≥ dividends; contributions on high incomes (document of the candidate’s party or movement)
Unemployment
- Unemployment, work period required to qualify for benefitsTondelierdecrease: Repeal the unemployment reforms of the last two five-year terms (2019 access)GlucksmannNo position recorded
- Unemployment, max. benefit durationTondelierincrease: Repeal the unemployment insurance reforms of the last two five-year termsGlucksmannincrease: Repeal Macron’s unemployment insurance reform (document of the candidate’s party or movement)
- Benefit amount and taperingTondelierincrease: Repeal the reform of the ARE calculation, index benefits to inflationGlucksmannincrease: Repeal Macron’s unemployment insurance reform (read as the 2019-2021 one) (document of the candidate’s party or movement)
- Governance of unemployment insuranceTondelierother change: Create a European unemployment insuranceGlucksmannNo position recorded
Working time and labour law
- Statutory working timeTondelierdecrease: 32 hours with no loss of pay in arduous or night-work occupationsGlucksmannNo position recorded
- OvertimeTondelierdecrease: Abolish exemptions from social contributions on overtimeGlucksmannNo position recorded
- Scale of employment tribunal (prud'hommes) awardsTondelierincrease: Unfair dismissal penalised by six months' payGlucksmannNo position recorded
Minimum incomes and benefits
- RSA (minimum income), amount and conditionsTondelierincrease: RSA replaced by an autonomy guarantee at 50% of the net SMIC, without the 15 hoursGlucksmannincrease: PS programme: unconditional RSA, paid automatically (document of the candidate’s party or movement)
- Minimum income for under-25sTondeliercreation: Autonomy guarantee open from 18 to young people who are fiscally independentGlucksmannNo position recorded
- Family allowancesTondelierincrease: Same amount from the 1st child, return of the increase at age 14GlucksmannNo position recorded
- Automatic payment, single social allowanceTondeliercreation: Solidarity at source: automatic payment of social benefitsGlucksmannNo position recorded
Early childhood and old age
- Nurseries and childcareTondelierincrease: Guarantee local childcare to every parent who returns to workGlucksmannincrease: Public early-childhood service, enforceable right to childcare (encoding being checked) (document of the candidate’s party or movement)
- Old age and long-term careTondeliercreation: Public long-term care service, public care homes (Ehpad) with regulated pricingGlucksmannincrease: A Grand Âge (old age) law, more staff in care homes (EHPAD), better-paid jobs (document of the candidate’s party or movement)
Age and contribution period
- Legal retirement ageTondelierdecrease: 62 immediately; 60 targeted, first for those who started early in arduous workGlucksmanndecrease: 62 after repeal of the 2023 reform, no return to 60 (public statement by the candidate)
- Contribution periodTondelierNo position recordedGlucksmannunchanged: PS programme: 43 years of contributions, reduced according to job arduousness (document of the candidate’s party or movement)
- Long careersTondelierincrease: 60 as a priority for those who worked early and in arduous conditionsGlucksmannNo position recorded
- Arduous workTondelierincrease: Restore the 4 arduousness criteria abolished in 2017Glucksmannincrease: Arduous work: earlier retirement for wearing jobs, later for some executives (public statement by the candidate)
Pension amounts
- Minimum pensionTondelierincrease: Minimum contributory pension and ASPA raised towards the poverty lineGlucksmannNo position recorded
- Pension indexationTondelierother change: « juste et différenciée » [“fair and differentiated”] pension indexation by type of retireeGlucksmannNo position recorded
- Survivors' pensionsTondelierother change: Unify survivor's pensions and family rights across all pension fundsGlucksmannNo position recorded
Taxation of pensioners
- 10% allowance on pensionsTondelierabolition: Abolish the 10% tax allowance for retireesGlucksmannNo position recorded
- CSG (general social contribution) on pensionersTondelierNo position recordedGlucksmannother change: Larger contribution from pensioners, without saying through which tax (document of the candidate’s party or movement)
Organisation of the system
Income tax and CSG
- Income tax scaleTondelierother change: Decrease for the lower brackets, 60% bracket above €250,000Glucksmannincrease: Differential contribution on the highest incomes (document of the candidate’s party or movement)
- CSG (general social contribution)Tondelierincrease: CSG made progressive and raised by one point for health insuranceGlucksmanndecrease: Lower the CSG on wages, funded by large inheritances (public statement by the candidate)
- Family quotientTondelierother change: Revise the marital quotient, deemed unfavourable to womenGlucksmannNo position recorded
- Flat-rate levy on capital (flat tax)Tondelierincrease: CSG on capital income and flat tax raised by 3 pointsGlucksmannincrease: PFU raised to 34%, end of the wiping out of unrealised capital gains (document of the candidate’s party or movement)
Tax expenditures, subsidies and fraud
- Tax and social security expendituresTondelierdecrease: Tax expenditures capped, two homes at most; child maintenance tax-exemptGlucksmanndecrease: Abolish ineffective tax expenditures, with no list (encoding being checked) (document of the candidate’s party or movement)
- Public aid to businessesTondelierother change: Make aid to firms with over 250 employees conditional on transition plansGlucksmannother change: Redirect the €211bn of public aid to businesses (public statement by the candidate)
- Tax and social security fraudTondelierincrease: More tax audit resources, end of risk scores targeting the poorGlucksmannincrease: PS programme: more staff and tools against tax fraud (document of the candidate’s party or movement)
Wealth and inheritance
- Wealth tax (IFI, ISF)Tondelierincrease: 2% Zucman tax above €100m, climate wealth tax (ISF) restoredGlucksmannincrease: Tax the largest fortunes (public statement by the candidate)
- Inheritance and gift taxTondelierincrease: +10% above €4m inherited, a further +10% above €13m, Dutreil capped (document of the candidate’s party or movement)Glucksmannincrease: Tax the top 1% of inheritances; Place publique: end of the Dutreil pact (encoding being checked) (public statement by the candidate)
- Property taxTondelierother change: Property tax calculated on wealth net of borrowingGlucksmannNo position recorded
Consumption
- VATTondelierother change: Green VAT: reduced rates on essentials, increase on luxury and harmful goodsGlucksmannincrease: End of VAT exemptions for polluting transport (document of the candidate’s party or movement)
- Taxes on fuel and energyTondelierincrease: Reduced rates on fossil fuels converted into flat-rate aidGlucksmannunchanged: No general cut in petrol taxes; energy voucher extended (€4bn) (public statement by the candidate)
Business taxation
- Corporate income taxTondelierother change: Minimum corporate tax for groups with turnover >€1bn, rate varying with profitsGlucksmannother change: PS programme: corporate income tax made progressive, in favour of SMEs (document of the candidate’s party or movement)
- Taxation of digital giants and multinationalsTondelierincrease: Digital services tax from 3% to 5%, extended to data centresGlucksmannincrease: Targeted rise in the GAFAM tax, no rate given, for a digital agency (encoding being checked) (document of the candidate’s party or movement)
- Production taxesTondelierincrease: Restore the CVAE for the benefit of local authoritiesGlucksmannNo position recorded
- Windfall profits and share buybacksTondeliercreation: Windfall tax on oil and gas and shipping superprofitsGlucksmannincrease: Tax oil companies’ windfall profits to fund fuel aid (public statement by the candidate)
- Financial transaction taxTondelierincrease: Financial transactions tax at 0.7%, broader baseGlucksmannincrease: PS programme: global tax on financial transactions (document of the candidate’s party or movement)
Debt and public spending
- Public deficit targeted for 2032Tondelierother change: Deficit reduction to be renegotiated with the EU to preserve jobsGlucksmannother change: Deficits cut over five years by a « contrat de stabilité » [“stability contract”], no target (document of the candidate’s party or movement)
- Level of public spendingTondelierincrease: « Réinvestir » [“reinvest in”] public services and social protection (2025 plan) (document of the candidate’s party or movement)GlucksmannNo position recorded
- Announced savingsTondelierincrease: Fewer subsidies to the private sector, CIR refocused, pooled public procurementGlucksmannNo position recorded
- Handling of the debtTondelierother change: Stabilise the debt, reduce the share of inflation-indexed bondsGlucksmanndecrease: Debt reduction path over five years (document of the candidate’s party or movement)
- Fiscal rulesTondelierdecrease: Maastricht pact and indicators lifted, green investment outside the deficitGlucksmannNo position recorded
Local authorities
School
- Pupils per class, primaryTondelierdecrease: 19 pupils per class in 2032, 12 in priority educationGlucksmanndecrease: Fewer pupils per class in primary school, after pay, no target (public statement by the candidate)
- Teachers' payTondelierincrease: +15% over five yearsGlucksmannincrease: Pay rise first, no amount (public statement by the candidate)
- Ability groups, organisation of lower secondary schoolTondelierabolition: Repeal the « choc des savoirs » (ability groups in the first two years of collège)GlucksmannNo position recorded
- Funding of private schoolsTondelierdecrease: Public funding of private schools cut to 50%, conditional on social mixGlucksmannNo position recorded
- School timetablesTondelierother change: Return to the five-day week in primary school, lower secondary school at 9 amGlucksmannNo position recorded
Higher education and research
- Access to higher educationTondelierother change: Parcoursup and MonMaster replaced, with no cover letterGlucksmannother change: Rethink Parcoursup through a consultation (document of the candidate’s party or movement)
- University tuition feesTondelierabolition: Abolish the CVECGlucksmannNo position recorded
- Student supportTondelierincrease: Raise and overhaul grants for students attached to their family's householdGlucksmannNo position recorded
- Research, share of GDPTondelierincrease: 3% R&D « orientée vers l’intérêt général » [“geared to the general interest”] in 2032Glucksmannincrease: PS programme: R&D at 3% of GDP in 2030, of which at least 1% public research (document of the candidate’s party or movement)
Health
- Where doctors set up practiceTondeliercreation: Setting up practice subject to ARS authorisation outside under-served areasGlucksmannother change: Support for setting up practice, mixed practice, group care practices (document of the candidate’s party or movement)
- Public hospitalsTondelierincrease: More recruitment and higher salaries in public hospitalsGlucksmannincrease: End of fee-for-service pricing in hospitals, better pay for carers (encoding being checked) (document of the candidate’s party or movement)
- Medical deductiblesTondelierabolition: Abolish medical deductiblesGlucksmannNo position recorded
- Extra-billing by doctorsTondelierdecrease: Extra fees capped at 50% of the tariff, banned for the lower-income halfGlucksmannNo position recorded
- End of lifeTondelierunchanged: Adopt the two end-of-life laws, voted since (2026)Glucksmannunchanged: PS programme: assisted dying law (since passed), more palliative care (document of the candidate’s party or movement)
Housing
- Rent controlsTondelierincrease: Rent control generalised, improved and made permanentGlucksmannother change: Rent controls in areas of high housing pressure (document of the candidate’s party or movement)
- Social housingTondelierincrease: Social housing (HLM) relaunch: end of the RLS, reduced VAT on constructionGlucksmannincrease: Higher annual social housing targets, no figure (document of the candidate’s party or movement)
- Personal housing benefits (APL)Tondelierincrease: Housing benefit (APL) raised by 10%GlucksmannNo position recorded
- Home ownershipTondelierincrease: Strengthen PSLA and the bail réel solidaire for low-income householdsGlucksmannNo position recorded
- Emergency shelterTondelierincrease: Unconditional shelter places, Housing First, end of seasonal managementGlucksmannNo position recorded
Security and justice
- Police and gendarmerie numbersTondelierincrease: Priority to frontline staff trained in mediation (no figure)GlucksmannNo position recorded
- Prisons and sentencesTondelierdecrease: 100% numerus clausus, moratorium on new prison placesGlucksmannother change: Against prison overcrowding: tailored sentences and renovated prisons (encoding being checked) (document of the candidate’s party or movement)
- Juvenile justiceTondelierdecrease: Criminal irresponsibility kept at 13, fewer fast-track hearingsGlucksmannNo position recorded
- Resources for the justice systemTondelierincrease: 9,000 judges, 10,000 court clerks and 7,000 attachés over ten yearsGlucksmannNo position recorded
- Violence against women and childrenTondelierincrease: Comprehensive law against sexist and sexual violence funded with €3bnGlucksmannincrease: Major plan against sexist and sexual violence, one billion euros (encoding being checked) (document of the candidate’s party or movement)
State and civil service
- Numbers and pay of civil servantsTondelierincrease: Pay index point indexed to inflation, +10% for categories C and BGlucksmannincrease: PS programme: pay rises for public employees, tenure for contract staff (encoding being checked) (document of the candidate’s party or movement)
- Delegation of public services to the private sectorTondelierdecrease: Fewer consultancies and less subcontracting, contract staff made permanentGlucksmannNo position recorded
- Public broadcastingTondelierother change: Long-term funding, appointments validated by Parliament, no holding companyGlucksmannother change: Strengthen public broadcasting and media independence (encoding being checked) (document of the candidate’s party or movement)
Climate
- Emissions cut by 2030, compared with 1990TondelierNo position recordedGlucksmannunchanged: −55% emissions in 2030 and −90% in 2040, European targets (document of the candidate’s party or movement)
- Carbon priceTondelierdecrease: No carbon market for households, ETS2 to be renegotiatedGlucksmannNo position recorded
- Energy renovations per yearTondelierincrease: 500,000 high-performance renovations a yearGlucksmannincrease: MaPrimeRénov’ relaunched and simplified, no quantified target (document of the candidate’s party or movement)
- End of sales of combustion-engine carsTondelierunchanged: Maintain 100% zero-emission sales in 2035GlucksmannNo position recorded
- Adaptation to climate changeTondelierincrease: Emergency adaptation plan: Fonds vert, schools, civil protection (€4.2bn) (document of the candidate’s party or movement)Glucksmannincrease: Make adaptation a national mobilisation, more money for fire services (SDIS) (public statement by the candidate)
Energy
- New nuclear reactorsTondelierabolition: Nuclear phase-out, end of the EPR2 and SMR programmesGlucksmannother change: Build new units on time, no number (document of the candidate’s party or movement)
- Wind and solarTondelierincrease: 44% renewables in electricity consumed in 2030Glucksmannincrease: Multi-year investment plan in renewables (document of the candidate’s party or movement)
- Existing nuclear fleetTondelierabolition: Gradual shutdown of the fleet over some twenty years, extensions under studyGlucksmannunchanged: Ensure the safety of existing nuclear power plants (document of the candidate’s party or movement)
- Electricity prices, European marketTondelierdecrease: Price decoupled from fossil fuels, lighter taxation of electricityGlucksmanndecrease: Lower prices, part of the bill at production cost, 2024 tax cancelled (document of the candidate’s party or movement)
Agriculture and trade
- Floor prices, farm incomeTondeliercreation: Floor prices, margins displayed, freeze in case of abnormal inflationGlucksmanncreation: Remunerative floor prices, end to circumventions of EGalim (document of the candidate’s party or movement)
- PesticidesTondelierdecrease: Phase-out of synthetic pesticides in 2050, CMR substances banned immediatelyGlucksmanndecrease: Ban glyphosate, neonicotinoids and the most harmful pesticides (document of the candidate’s party or movement)
- Common Agricultural PolicyTondelierother change: Aid per worker rather than per hectare, stricter cappingGlucksmannother change: End of per-hectare payments, capped payments (document of the candidate’s party or movement)
- Free trade agreements (Mercosur)Tondelierdecrease: Do not ratify CETA, Mercosur and the other pending agreementsGlucksmanndecrease: Against the EU-Mercosur agreement, mirror measures on agricultural imports (document of the candidate’s party or movement)
Industry and investment
- Additional public investment, per yearTondelierincrease: €10bn for the climate from 2027 (document of the candidate’s party or movement)Glucksmannincrease: More public investment, national and local, for the transition (document of the candidate’s party or movement)
- Industrial aid and reshoringTondelierincrease: Sovereign fund financed by a « livret industrie » (industry savings account)Glucksmannother change: Public procurement geared towards buying local (document of the candidate’s party or movement)
- Nationalisations and privatisationsTondelierother change: Exceptional public management of strategic companies if necessaryGlucksmannNo position recorded
Transport
- Everyday transportTondelierincrease: Single-price monthly climate ticket, free travel targeted at young and precariousGlucksmannincrease: Ticket climat: single fixed-fare pass, first for young and precarious people (document of the candidate’s party or movement)
- RailTondelierincrease: 10-year rail programming law, a station within 30 min for 90%GlucksmannNo position recorded
- Motorway concessionsTondelierabolition: Gradually renationalise the motorwaysGlucksmannNo position recorded
Institutions
- Voting system for legislative electionsTondeliercreation: Full proportional representation with no majority bonus, regional constituenciesGlucksmanncreation: Immediate proportional representation, preferably by regional constituencies (document of the candidate’s party or movement)
- Citizens' initiative referendum (RIC)Tondeliercreation: Proposing or repealing RIC, after a constitutionality reviewGlucksmanncreation: Citizens’ initiative for local and national referendums (document of the candidate’s party or movement)
- Article 49.3 and revision of the ConstitutionTondelierdecrease: Better control of the agenda, end of the limits of Art. 34 and 49.3Glucksmanndecrease: Investiture of the Prime Minister and constructive no-confidence vote, end of Article 49.3 (document of the candidate’s party or movement)
- Length and number of terms of officeTondelierother change: Single seven-year term for the presidentGlucksmannNo position recorded
- Voting ageTondelierdecrease: Right to vote at 16, with civic educationGlucksmanndecrease: Voting at 16, probably only in local elections (ambiguous sentence) (document of the candidate’s party or movement)
Immigration
- Labour immigration and residence permitsTondelierincrease: Regularise workers, students and parents of schoolchildrenGlucksmannincrease: Regularise undocumented workers (public statement by the candidate)
- Right of asylumTondelierincrease: Collegial panels at the CNDA, immediate right to work for asylum seekersGlucksmannincrease: Right to work from registration of the asylum application (document of the candidate’s party or movement)
- State medical aid (Aide médicale de l'État)Tondelierincrease: Guarantee access to AME and PUMA, abolition of waiting periodsGlucksmannNo position recorded
- Birthright citizenship and nationalityTondelierincrease: Birthright citizenship guaranteed, end of the special regime in MayotteGlucksmannNo position recorded
Europe and defence
- Place in the European UnionTondelierincrease: Federal leap: end of national vetoes in favour of qualified majorityGlucksmannincrease: Federal leap: qualified majority instead of veto, own resources increased tenfold (public statement by the candidate)
- Defence budgetTondelierunchanged: €6.4bn increase for defence in 2027, that of the current LPM (document of the candidate’s party or movement)GlucksmannNo position recorded
- NATOTondelierother change: A European pillar of NATO able to act without the United StatesGlucksmannNo position recorded
- Support for UkraineTondelierunchanged: Long-range weapons and air defence for UkraineGlucksmannincrease: More aid to Ukraine, funded by the €210bn of frozen Russian assets (public statement by the candidate)
Overseas territories
- High cost of living overseasTondelierincrease: Anti-trust action against monopolies, controlled margins, octroi de mer reformedGlucksmannincrease: Cap the prices of basic necessities (document of the candidate’s party or movement)
- Status and autonomy of the territoriesTondelierother change: Each territory determines its future, its autonomy or even its independenceGlucksmannother change: New Caledonia: return to the spirit of the Nouméa Accords (document of the candidate’s party or movement)
Society
The gaps for this pair have not yet been classified by the editors (opposed, same direction, convergence): the comparison shows who takes a position, and the two positions can be read side by side.
* encoding being checked; ‡ encoding contested by the candidate’s team; — not addressed.
p. 14: page of the programme; stmt: public statement by the candidate, outside a written programme; assoc.: words of an associate, which do not formally commit the candidate; party: document of the candidate’s party or movement, distinct from a presidential programme.